Scientists have identified certain gut bacteria that may play a direct role in triggering multiple sclerosis.

Researchers studied 81 pairs of identical twins where only one twin had MS. Because the twins share the same genetics, the researchers could zero in on environmental differences – especially gut bacteria. There is clear evidence tying specific gut bacteria to MS and strong weight to the gut-brain connection in autoimmune disease.

While researchers say more human studies are needed, the findings open the door to future treatments focused on reshaping the gut micro biome instead of only managing symptoms.

For MS research, this shifts the focus from genetics alone to what’s happening inside the gut – and how microbes may influence the immune system.